Huawei HCIA-IoT v. 2.5 Evaluation Questions

Cours, école d'ingénieurThis document is oriented towards students preparing for the exam of Huawei Certified ICT Associate (HCIA-IoT) v. 2.5. The main idea of this booklet is to provide students with an evaluation tool for their understanding of the course content. This booklet is not an exam dump, and it should never be handled like that.HCIA-IoT is a course prepared provided by Huawei. It focuses on the Internet of things explaining the technologies used to support it, such as 5G and NB-IoT. It also introduces Huawei products and solutions in this domain.The structure of this document follows the chapters of the course. For each chapter, there are two groups of questions: True or False and Multiple choices questions. Additionally, the booklet includes a table for abbreviations used in this course in alphabetical order

Experiences on Evaluating Network Simulators: A Methodological Approach

International audienceThere exists a variety of network simulators, used to imitate the protocols, nodes, and connections in data networks. They differ in their design, goals, and characteristics. Thus, comparing simulators requires a clear and standardized methodology. In this paper, based on a set of measurable and comparable criteria, we propose an approach to evaluate them. We validate the suggested approach with two network simulators, namely Packet Tracer and GNS3. In that regard, a test scenario is put forward on the two simulators, both in Linux and Windows environments, and their performance is monitored based on the suggested approach. This paper does not propose a method for selecting the best simulator, but it rather supplies the researchers with an evaluation tool, that can be used to describe, compare, and select the most suitable network simulators for a given scenario

A Survey on Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is an internetwork protocol that is active at the internet layer according to the TCP/IP model, it was developed in 1981 within a project managed by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. In the following years, the use of IPv4 grew to dominate data networks around the world, becoming the backbone of the modern Internet. In this survey, we highlight the operation of the protocol, explain its header structure, and show how it provides the following functions: Quality of service control, host addressing, data packet fragmentation and reassembly, connection multiplexing, and source routing. Furthermore, we handle both address-related and fragmentation-related implementation problems, focusing on the IPv4 address space exhaustion and explaining the short and long terms proposed solutions. Finally, this survey highlights several auxiliary protocols that provide solutions to IPV, namely address resolution, error reporting, multicast management, and security

Energy-aware Cross-level Model for Wireless Sensor Networks

ISBN: 978-1-61208-744-3International audienceIn the design stage, Wireless Sensor Network developers generally need simulation tools to save both time and costs. These simulators require accurate models to precisely describe the network components and behaviours, such as energy consumption. Nevertheless, although the model has grown in complexity over last years, from layered-stack to cross-level, the energy aspects are not yet well implemented. In this paper, we suggest an energy-aware cross-level model for Wireless Sensor Networks. Our modelling approach allows for parameters that belong to different levels to interact with each other and to analyse their impact on energy consumption. To validate this approach, the energy-aware cross-level model for network radiofrequency activities is first provided. The results obtained using suggested scenarios are compared with those collected from a well-known simulator: NS2. Finally, the usefulness of our model in Wireless Sensor Network design process is demonstrated thanks to a case study aimed at comparing and selecting the most energy-efficient wireless link protocol

Methodology to Evaluate WSN Simulators: Focusing on Energy Consumption Awareness

ISBN: 978-1-925953-09-1International audienceNowadays, there exists a large number of available network simulators, that differ in their design, goals, and characteristics. Users who have to decide which simulator is the most appropriate for their particular requirements, are today lost, faced with a panoply of disparate and diverse simulators. Hence, it is obvious the need for establishing guidelines that support users in the tasks of selecting and customizing a simulator to suit their preferences and needs. In previous works, we proposed a generic and novel methodological approach to evaluate network simulators, considering a set of qualitative and quantitative criteria. However, it lacks criteria related to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Thus, the aim of this work is three fold: (i) extend the previous proposed methodology to include the evaluation of WSN simulators, such as energy consumption modelling and scalability; (ii) elaborate a study of the state of the art of WSN simulators, with the intention of identifying the most used and cited in scientific articles; and (iii) demonstrate the suitability of our novel methodology by evaluating and comparing three of the most cited simulators. Our novel methodology provides researchers with an evaluation tool that can be used to describe and compare WSN simulators in order to select the most appropriate one for a given scenario

WSN simulators evaluation: an approach focusing on energy awareness

The large number of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) simulators available nowadays, differ in their design, goals, and characteristics. Users who have to decide which simulator is the most appropriate for their particular requirements, are today lost, faced with a panoply of disparate and diverse simulators. Hence, it is obvious the need for establishing guidelines that support users in the tasks of selecting a simulator to suit their preferences and needs. In previous works, we proposed a generic and novel approach to evaluate networks simulators, considering a methodological process and a set of qualitative and quantitative criteria. In particularly, for WSN simulators, the criteria include relevant aspects for this kind of networks, such as energy consumption modelling and scalability capacity. The aims of this work are: (i) describe deeply the criteria related to WSN aspects; (ii) extend and update the state of the art of WSN simulators elaborated in our previous works to identify the most used and cited in scientific articles; and (iii) demonstrate the suitability of our novel methodological approach by evaluating and comparing the three most cited simulators, specially in terms of energy modelling and scalability capacities. Results show that our proposed approach provides researchers with an evaluation tool that can be used to describe and compare WSN simulators in order to select the most appropriate one for a given scenarioComment: 20 Page

A Cross-level model for power-aware Wireless Sensor Networks design

In many Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications, it is important to optimize the global energy efficiency to enhance both the node autonomy and the whole WSN lifetime. In this context, the achievement of a power-aware design is a complex task due to the impact over the WSN energy consumption of different parameters, which are inherent to application, network or node levels. Therefore, a cross-level energy model is a useful way to estimate this energy consumption, leading designers to take correct decisions at the earliest design stages. Thus, this paper describes the principles of a cross-level energy model, which tries to address some weakness of existing WSN simulators in terms of energy modelling

An Approach for Modelling Wireless Sensor Networks: Focusing on the Design Concept and Energy Awareness

In the design stage, Wireless Sensor Network developers generally need simulation tools to save time and money. These simulators require accurate models to precisely describe the behaviors of network nodes. Nevertheless, although model complexity has grown from layered-stack to cross-level, the energy aspects are not yet well implemented. In this paper, we suggest an energy-aware cross-level model for Wireless Sensor Network. Our modelling approach allows parameters that belong to different levels to interact and affect each other. This approach is used to predict the nodes energy consumption and to estimate the lifetime of the system. First, the results obtained from the implementation of our approach will be compared with those collected from a well-known simulator, Network Simulator version 2 using a set of basic scenarios. Then, the utility of our approach in the Wireless Sensor Network design process is highlighted using detailed scenarios that cover different types of interactions

Cross-level energy model for power-aware Wireless Sensor Networks design​

In many Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications, it is important to optimize the global energy efficiency in order to enhance node autonomy. Several factors impact the energy consumption in WSN, such as the purpose of the application, the network architecture, the hardware and software of the nodes. With all these factors in view, the definition of a model can provide a useful way to estimate this energy consumption. In this context, we propose a model that is energy-aware, phase-based and protocol-independent. Based on the energy consumption observation of typical WSN applications, our model introduces the pattern concept. It consists of different phases that take place periodically following a frequency Fp. The proposed model is first validated against a well-known simulator (NS2) using different scenarios and considering two wireless link protocols: 802.11a and 802.15.4. Our idea is to use this kind of simulator to monitor the energy consumed in WSN from different points of view. On one hand, the cross-level concept would be applied to minimize the computation resources needed to study the energy consumption of the entire system. On the other hand, at the same time, it offers the possibility to point out for details at different levels of the network. For example, with this simulator, both the consumed energy at the system level and the instantaneous power at the node level could be obtained and analyzed at the same time

Outil de dimensionnement trans-niveaux de réseaux de capteurs sans fil contraints en énergie

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a set of battery-powered nodes that include sensors coupled with processing units and wireless transceivers. Nowadays, WSN is a major topic in the research and development domain. Indeed, it constitutes an interesting solution to give an answer to different situations related to social, societal and economic issues such as the need to manage the Smart Grids or to supervise patient’s health in the context of the aging population. This kind of network has the capacity to be simply deployed in harsh environments, such as forests, volcanoes and buildings, to achieve various goals, like tracking targets, animals or human beings for example, or monitoring physical phenomena, such as patient physiological signals or ambient temperature in a building.However, the deployment of WSNs can be critical because of the difficult conditions imposed by the application environment, for example, the high temperatures in the case of volcano activity supervision, or the impossibility of reaching the nodes after deployment, when the WSN must be used to structural health monitoring of a highway or a building. Therefore, researchers and developers need tools to test and evaluate, in the design process of a WSN, node and network performances before deploying it in real surroundings.In this context, simulation can provide a solution that can save time, cost, and effort before deploying a WSN application in its real environment. This explains that simulation tools are widely used in WSN designing stages and for research works evaluation related to this kind of network. Nevertheless, designing a WSN, dedicated to a specific application, needs to address its multilevel structure: topology, nodes and circuits. Thus, to handle the main challenges of WSN design such as energy issues, WSN modelling is considered a complex task because the adopted modelling approach has to take into account the WSN multilevel structure in order to provide exploitable results from different points of view at the same time.In this thesis, we define, propose and implement a cross-level energy-aware model for WSN that allows considering different levels of abstraction at the same time: circuits, nodes and topology. This energy-oriented model is able to trace the energy consumption from multiple points of view: a specific circuit's activity, circuit or node activities, as well as the impact on the WSN lifetime. The proposed model is implemented in a dedicated WSN simulator, which is used, defining different scenarios, to compare obtained results with a well-known simulator and physical WSN nodes with the aim to validate the relevance of our approach.Un Réseau de Capteurs Sans Fil (RCSF) est composé d’un ensemble de noeuds alimentés par batterie, associant des capteurs à une unité de traitement et à un émetteur-récepteur sans fil. De nos jours, les RCSF font l’objet de nombreux travaux de recherche et développement. En effet, ces réseaux constituent une solution intéressante afin d’apporter une réponse à différents enjeux sociaux, sociétaux et économiques tels que le déploiement des Smart Grids ou la supervision à distance de la santé de personnes dans un contexte de vieillissement de la population. Ces RCSF ont la capacité d'être déployé dans des environnements contraints, tels que les forêts, les volcans et les bâtiments, pour atteindre divers objectifs : la localisation d’objets et d’individus mais aussi la surveillance de phénomènes physiques, comme les signaux physiologiques de patients ou la température ambiante d’un bâtiment.Cependant, le déploiement de ces RCSF est souvent rendu critique en raison des contraintes imposées par l'environnement d’application, par exemple, les températures pouvant être subies lors de la supervision d’un volcan, ou la difficulté d’accès aux noeuds lorsque ceux-ci sont utilisés pour la surveillance de l'état structurel d'une autoroute ou d'un bâtiment. Par conséquent, les chercheurs et développeurs de ce type de réseau ont besoin d'outils pour tester et évaluer, dans le cadre du processus de conception d'un RCSF, les performances des noeuds et du réseau avant de le déployer dans un environnement réel.Dans ce contexte, les outils de simulation peuvent apporter une solution permettant un gain de temps, une limitation des coûts et des efforts avant le déploiement d’un tel réseau dans son environnement d’utilisation. Ces outils sont donc aujourd’hui largement répandus et utilisés pour évaluer les performances d’un RCSF mais aussi les propositions issues de travaux de recherche relatifs à ce type de réseau. Néanmoins, la conception d'un RCSF, dédié à une application, doit tenir compte de sa structure multi-niveau : topologie, noeuds et circuits. Ainsi, pour aborder les principaux défis liés au RCSF, tels que la problématique d’autonomie énergétique des noeuds, la modélisation de ces réseaux est considérée comme une tâche complexe car l'approche de modélisation utilisée doit considérer sa structure multi-niveau afin de fournir des résultats exploitables provenant simultanément de niveaux d’abstraction différents.Dans cette thèse, nous définissons, proposons et implémentons un modèle trans-niveaux orienté énergie dédié au RCSF permettant de considérer simultanément différents niveaux d'abstraction : topologie, noeuds et circuits. Ce modèle est capable de tracer la consommation énergétique à partir de différents points de vue : l'activité spécifique d'un circuit, les activités d'un circuit ou d'un noeud, ainsi que son impact sur la durée de vie du RCSF. Notre modèle est ensuite implémenté dans un simulateur de RCSF dédié afin, en considérant différents scénarios, de comparer les résultats obtenus avec un simulateur existant et des noeuds réels dans le but de valider la pertinence de notre approche